Precision medicine is the frontier of oncological treatments in this new century. Targeted drug therapeutics like antibody-drug conjugate therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chromatin-modifying gene therapy, chimaeric-antigen receptor (CAR-T) cell therapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown promising results in halting tumour growth and improving survival rates. This chapter explores the advancement in diagnosing and treating genitourinary malignancies, providing insights that delineate considerations in designing future studies.